What this is about

The following is a review of the real status about Amazon RDS in comparison with EC2.

The purpose is to have a better understanding of possible limitation in the platform usage, and what is a possible fit and what not.

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Why

I did a first review an year ago for internal purpose, but now we are receiving the same questions over and over from different customers.

Given that and given a lot of things could happen in one year, I have decide to repeat the review and perform the tests once again.

What needs to be underline is that, I am doing this in consideration of a usage in PRODUCION, not as QA or development.

So my considerations are obviously focus on more demanding scenarios.

About EC2 and RDS.

Machine configuration

There are different ways that we can choose to start our EC2 or RDS, both have different cost and “virtual” physical characteristics, the list for both is below:

EC2

T1 Micro (t1.micro)      Free tier eligibleUp to 2 ECUs1 Core613 MiB

M1 Small (m1.small)1 ECU1 Core1.7 GiB

M1 Medium (m1.medium)2 ECUs1 Core3.7 GiB

M1 Large (m1.large)4 ECUs2 Cores7.5 GiB

M1 Extra Large (m1.xlarge)8 ECUs4 Cores15 GiB

M3 Extra Large (m3.xlarge)13 ECUs4 Cores15 GiB

M3 Double Extra Large (m3.2xlarge)26 ECUs8 Cores30 GiB

M2 High-Memory Extra Large (m2.xlarge)6.5 ECUs2 Cores17.1 GiB

M2 High-Memory Double Extra Large (m2.2xlarge)13 ECUs4 Cores34.2 GiB

M2 High-Memory Quadruple Extra Large (m2.4xlarge)26 ECUs8 Cores68.4 GiB

C1 High-CPU Medium (c1.medium)5 ECUs2 Cores1.7 GiB

C1 High-CPU Extra Large (c1.xlarge)20 ECUs8 Cores7 GiB 

High Storage Eight Extra Large (hs1.8xlarge)35 ECUs16 Cores117 GiB

RDS

Micro DB Instance: 630 MB memory, Up to 2 ECU (for short periodic bursts), 64-bit platform, Low I/O Capacity

Small DB Instance: 1.7 GB memory, 1 ECU (1 virtual core with 1 ECU), 64-bit platform, Moderate I/O Capacity

Medium DB Instance: 3.75 GB memory, 2 ECU (1 virtual core with 2 ECU), 64-bit platform, Moderate I/O Capacity

Large DB Instance: 7.5 GB memory, 4 ECUs (2 virtual cores with 2 ECUs each), 64-bit platform, High I/O Capacity

Extra Large DB Instance: 15 GB of memory, 8 ECUs (4 virtual cores with 2 ECUs each), 64-bit platform, High I/O Capacity

High-Memory Extra Large DB Instance 17.1 GB memory, 6.5 ECU (2 virtual cores with 3.25 ECUs each), 64-bit platform, High I/O Capacity

High-Memory Double Extra Large DB Instance: 34 GB of memory, 13 ECUs (4 virtual cores with 3,25 ECUs each), 64-bit platform, 

High I/O CapacityHigh-Memory Quadruple Extra Large DB Instance: 68 GB of memory, 26 ECUs (8 virtual cores with 3.25 ECUs each), 64-bit platform, High I/O Capacity

Embedded features

EC2 imply that we do by ourselves the installation, setting up and maintenance of our system and Database software, but for RDS, Amazon provide few “features” that is important to keep in mind and have in mind for later discussions.

The most relevant are:

Pre-configured Parameters – Amazon RDS DB Instances are pre-configured with a sensible set of parameters and settings appropriate for the DB Instance class we select.

Monitoring and Metrics – Amazon RDS provides Amazon CloudWatch metrics for your DB Instance deployments at no additional charge. You can use the AWS Management Console to view key operational metrics for your DB Instance deployments, including compute/memory/storage capacity utilization, I/O activity, and DB Instance connections.

Automated Backups – Turned on by default, the automated backup feature of Amazon RDS enables point-in-time recovery for your DB Instance.

DB Snapshots – DB Snapshots are user-initiated backups of your DB Instance.

Multi-Availability Zone (Multi-AZ) Deployments – Amazon RDS Multi-AZ deployments provide enhanced availability and durability for Database (DB) Instances, making them a natural fit for production database workloads.

When we provision a Multi-AZ DB Instance, Amazon RDS automatically creates a primary DB instance and synchronously replicates the data to a standby instance in a different Availability Zone (AZ).

Each AZ runs on its own physically distinct, independent infrastructure, in case of an infrastructure failure (for example, instance crash, storage failure, or network disruption), Amazon RDS performs an automatic failover to the standby so that you can resume database operations as soon as the failover is complete.

Read Replicas – This replication feature makes it easy to elastically scale out beyond the capacity constraints of a single DB Instance for read-heavy database workloads. Amazon RDS uses MySQL’s native replication to propagate changes made to a source DB Instance to any associated Read Replicas.

Storage

As shown before in RDS we cannot do too much regarding the storage, we can just choose between different instances, and if we want to have provisioned IOPS.

On EC2 we obviously have both, but we also can choose how to define and use our storage solution.

MySQL configuration

Amazon presents to us the Pre-configured parameters as a cool “feature” but this is just one side of the coin. The other side is that we cannot really adjust some of the critical parameters for MySQL, or that their values are not as define in standard MySQL.

The parameters in discussion are:

binlog_format | STATEMENT expire_logs_days | 0 

(calc)| innodb_buffer_pool_size | 3921674240 

innodb_doublewrite | ON 

innodb_file_format_max | Antelope 

innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog | OFF 

innodb_log_file_size | 134217728 

innodb_log_files_in_group | 2 

innodb_log_group_home_dir | /rdsdbdata/log/innodb (Max 300)

innodb_open_files | 300 

max_binlog_size | 134217728 (max 4294967295)

max_join_size | 4294967295 

open_files_limit | 65535

Most concerning are, the binlog format, InnoDB Log related ones.

Multi-AZ implementation

From the architectural point of view, I do not have a clear way of HOW the Multi-AZ is implemented, and I am really interested in discovering how in Amazon they have achieved the declared Synchronous replication.

I am just guessing here but some base replication using DRBD Primary/Secondary seems the most probable. What could be concerning here is the protocol level use for such replication, and level of block transmission acknowledge, given a full protocol C will be probably to expensive, also if the ONLY really safe in the case of DRBD usage. But given I don’t have clear if the solution is really using it, let me just say it will be good to have better insight.

Standard replication

We cannot use standard replication in RDS, we need to rely on Read-Replicas, or not use replication at all. The only solution is to use external solution like Continuent Tungsten (http://scale-out-blog.blogspot.ca/2013/01/replicating-from-mysql-to-amazon-rds.html).

It is important to note that RDS replication between master and Read-replica is using the STATEMENT binlog format, and it cannot be change, as direct consequence we do have inefficient replication between master and replicas for all non-deterministic statements, and in case of mixed transactions between storage engines.

Tests done

The test performed where not too intensive, and I was mainly focus on identify what will be the safe limit of usage/load for RDS in comparison to an EC2 instance properly set.

As such I have choose to use the Large Instance set for both EC2 and RDS, with 2 virtual CPU 7.5GB virtual RAM, High I/O capacity for RDS.

For EC2 the only difference will reside in the fact I perform the tests using 1 EBS for the data directory in one case, and a raid5 of 4 EBS in the other.

Also in regards of the MySQL configuration I have “standardize” the configuration of the different instance using the same parameters.

Only differences was that I was not using SSL in the MySQL EC2 instance, while it cannot be turn off in RDS because Amazon security is relying on it.

The test was using a variable number of concurrent threads:

Writing on 5 main tables and on 5 child table.

Read on main table joining 4 tables to main, filtering the results by IN clause in on test, and by RANGE in another.

The structures of the tables are the following:

mysql> DESCRIBE tbtest1; 
 
 FIELD         | Type         | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT           | Extra 
 autoInc       | bigint(11)   | NO   | PRI | NULL              | AUTO_INCREMENT 
 a             | int(11)      | NO   | MUL | NULL              | 
 uuid          | char(36)     | NO   | MUL | NULL              |  
 b             | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL              | 
 c             | char(200)    | NO   |     | NULL              | 
 counter       | bigint(20)   | YES  |     | NULL              | 
 time          | timestamp    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | ON UPDATE 
 partitionid   | int(11)      | NO   |     | 0                 | 
 strrecordtype | char(3)      | YES  |     | NULL              | 
 

 
 mysql> DESCRIBE tbtest_child1; 
 
 FIELD        | Type         | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT           | Extra | 
 a            | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL              | 
 bb           | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL              | AUTO_INCREMENT 
 partitionid  | int(11)      | NO   |     | 0                 | 
 stroperation | varchar(254) | YES  |     | NULL              | 
 time         | timestamp    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | ON UPDATE

The filling factor for each table after the initial write was:

Table    tbtest1    total    1046    least    745    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest2    total    1046    least    745    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest3    total    1046    least    745    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest4    total    1046    least    745    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest5    total    1046    least    745    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest_child1    total    779    least    648    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest_child2    total    779    least    648    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest_child3    total    779    least    648    bytes per char: 3

Table    tbtest_child4    total    779    least    648    bytes per char: 3

Finally the total size of the data set was of 20Gb.

The inserts were using batch approach of 50 inserts per Insert command for all the platforms.

Below the summary of the tests to run

oltp 5 + 4 table write 4 -> 32

oltp 5 + 4 table read (IN) 4 -> 32

oltp 5 + 4 table read (RANGE) 4 -> 32

oltp 5 + 4 table write/read(IN) 4 -> 32

Results

Results for write using 4 to 32 concurrent threads

Write Execution time

(High value is bad)

As the graph clearly shows, the behavior of the RDS and EC2 with one EBS is quite similar, while the EC2 running a RAID of EBS is maintaining good response time and scales in writes, the other two have a collapse point at 16 Threads, after which performance are becoming seriously affected.

Rows inserted

(High values is good)

Consistently the number of Rows inserted in a defined period of time, see again the EC2 with RAID5 performing in the optimal way in relation to the other two.

During this test the performance loss starts at 8 threads, for EC2 solutions, while for the RDS solution it is with the increase of concurrency that we immediately see the performance degradation.

Select Execution time with IN

(High value is bad)

Using the select with IN given the high efficiency of the IN approach, and the reduce number of reads that require to be executed on disk, all the instance maintain a good level of performance.

Rows reads with IN

(High value is good)

In this case all the instances are consistently performing, but the EC2 with RAID solution can serve a larger amount of requests, almost 1/3 larger then of the RDS.

Select Execution time with RANGE

(High value is bad)

In the case of range selects and heavy access on disks, the RDS and EC2 with 1 EBS, are absolutely not able to perform at the same level of the RAID solution. This quite obviously related to the amount of data needs to be read from disks, and the limitation existing in RDS and 1 EBS solutions.

Rows reads with RANGE

(High value is good)

The volume test confirms and highlights the different behavior between EC2 RAID and the others, at 32 concurrent threads the RDS solution tends to collapse, while the EC2 RAID is serving successfully the traffic also if with less efficiency.

Select Execution time with mix of SELECT and INSERT

(High value is bad)

Rows reads with mix of SELECT and INSERT

(High value is good)

In a mix workload, I had unexpected results, with EC2 1 EBS behaving very badly when working with more then 16 threads, this given the I/O contention and possible RDS optimizations, implemented by Amazon to prevent single EBS problems.

Except that the RDS and the EC2 with RAID behave as I was expecting, with EC2 able to manage a larger volume of traffic, and the Inserts limiting the number of reads, as expected.

Conclusions

The comparison between RDS and EC2, cover several areas, from performance to High Availability.

My conviction is that RDS is not implementing a solid and trustable HA solution given the not clear way synchronous replication is implemented.

RDS is not applying correct best practices for replication given the use of STATEMENT format and the limitation existing in the replication management.

Finally RDS is not really efficient in managing large volume of traffic, or applications with a large number of highly concurrent threads.

Never the less it could be a temporary solution for very basic utilization in application that do not have demanding requirements.

RDS can probably further optimize, but I am sure it will never be enough to consider RDS production ready.

EC2 is more flexible and allow better tuning and control of the platform, multiple HA solutions and full control of replication and MySQL in general. All these define the significant difference with RDS, and draw the line for the right use of the tool.

Also there is not a difference in what kind of MySQL distribution we will implement, given that the source of the issue is on the platform.

My final advice is to use RDS for development or as temporary solution in a start-up, but it should not be use in the case of critical system or consolidated mature application, which require high available, scalable database support.

Reference

http://aws.amazon.com/rds/

http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/RDSFAQ.MultiAZ.html

http://scale-out-blog.blogspot.ca/2013/01/replicating-from-mysql-to-amazon-rds.html

http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2011/08/04/mysql-performance-on-ec2ebs-versus-rds/

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Overview

The machine has a single NIC, Storage attach by fibre channel, 8CPU hyper threading, 64GB RAM and finally heavy usage of NFS.

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CURRENT TCP buffer setting 
------------------------------
net.ipv4.tcp_mtu_probing = 0
net.core.rmem_max = 131071
net.core.wmem_max = 131071
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096    87380    4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096    16384    4194304
------------------------------
 

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Suggested TCP buffer settings
------------------------------
#TCP max buffer size
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216 
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216 
 
#Linux auto-tuning TCP buffer 
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216
 
#length of the processor input queue
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 30000
 
#default congestion control is htcp 
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=htcp
 

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MySQL change
-----------------------------------------------
back_log                        = 1024
thread_cache_size               = 512
thread_stack                    = 256K
wait_timeout                    = 600
 

Conclusion

Reference

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Introduction

Recently I had some free spare time that I used to read, think, process and analyze few ideas and work on my own projects.

That was great for me because I had the chance to develop new tools and to review few concept related to work. So I had the chance to focus on the ideas behind the procedures or "how-to", including reviewing what I am doing at work, from different angles and prospective.

One of the different or better to say modified prospective, was the outcome of a mental process started with a reading.

Reading that I initially considered a waste of money, time and mind effort.

This because the topic discussed, and the way the topic was presented, is something that I had the chance to study when I was in school starting from secondary. In fact the topic of "Critical thinking" is, or I should say was, included in the school programs in our learning path associate to "Logic", "Grammar" and "Philosophy".

So when I read the books I commit the crime of assumptiveness, feeling also bore while reading, until the moment the book was covering the topic related to "Decision Making". In that chapter the writer was underlining how easy is for us to be caught in trap by our own knowledge and ideas.

I did stop to read, close the book went doing something else, and then I try to empty my mind. Only at that point I realize I was not reading at all, better my eyes were, some part of my brain was, but my mind and my attention were not, this because I had categorize the book from the initial chapters in the erroneous way.

So I take a glass of wine, had some time, good music and open the book again from the start. This time the book was presenting me a different scenario and prospective, it drives my thought through several mind paths and brings me to review some assumptions. At this point I was able to make some parallels with what is our/mine day-to-day activity in life and work. It was funny for me to discover how some personal best practices, fit perfectly in a well categorize universal model.

There was no magic, that is true, but what was good and interesting, was how "School Training" can forge your way of doing in an instinctive way, but also how the instinctive action path, can be transform and express in few, clear, universal and simple to read steps.

In particular I saw a good parallel with two critical areas of our work; the credibility of the source and the process of the decision-making.

The rest of the writing is a summary, a go through few points I have identify as relevant, and that I have see covering some critical grey areas.

I am aware this is just a small part of the picture, and as usual I am open to discussion and comments, and I will be more then happy if that will happen, actually this will mean that I have reach my target.

Credibility of the Source

In our work, as well as in many others, having a good credibility is not a plus but a must. Being credible as a company or as a single person, is not coming from free, and is a process that could takes years to build and days to get destroy.

The credibility is not only the result of "best practices" or "how to", but is also the result of a correct approach and process in what we do, how we do it and how we decide to do things (see after the decision-making section).

Whenever a customer will come to us, for an advice or help, he will ask to himself some questions, questions that we should answer or the customer will redirect his attention to someone else.

Those questions are:

• Do they (us) have the relevant expertise (experience, knowledge and if needed formal qualification)?
• Do they have the ability to observe accurately (eyesight, hearing, proximity to event, absence of distraction, appropriate instruments, skills in using instrument)?
• Does their reputation suggest that they are reliable?
• Do they have any interest or possible bias?
• Are them claiming and providing evidences of knowledge about MY context?
• Are they providing direct expertise?
• Is they level of expertise base on direct experience?
• Is what they say support by evidence and logic pattern?
• Are other sources consistent?

Answer to all the above, as said, is not something you can achieve with limited or superficial effort, it instead require an extensive and constant shift in mentality, and require some well define ideas and behaviour. My interpretation is the following:

• Always be "super partes", also avoid as much as possible to follow ephemeral trends, like the use and abuse of the "magic" term of the year, often used by others to show they capacity to be on the "trend". Unfortunately be there very often means doing without knowing. Be more conservative and analytic is the right things to do when responsible of other people.
• Be under constant training and education, perform extensive tests, and provide public evidence of our conclusion and analysis. Publish few but focus blogs.
• Avoid blog about everything, and avoid generalization, that will create more noise and confusion, yes you will be there, but as chatter not as an expert.
• When claiming about something, provide evidence and a well-documented reasoning path to support your claim.
• Always put the claim in a clear defined context, and if possible and available include the references to others reasoning and/or similar evidence and sources.
• Whenever possible try to be or use a direct source, like provide the test you have done yourself, or review and repeat the tests done by others to validate them.
• Never use other source material as yours, instead document them and contextualize them providing credit to the source. Again double check other source conclusion and provide evidence of your process.
• Whatever evidence or conclusion you will provide, it needs to have an exact match with the discussed topic, avoid generalization. Assumption can be good only if supported by good and documented reasoning.
• Do not rush, this is not a race, do not send out an answer or a comment without having the time to think on it. If possible, review it several times, and cover your reasoning also with others, this to be sure you have cover all the possible areas of uncertainly, and if you still see them, declare them.

I will be more then happy to have discussion on the above points, and if possible to extend them including more helpful suggestions.

Decision-making process

As mention previously the other point is related on how we take our own decisions, and how we evaluate other people conclusion/reasoning/motivation.

In our work we are constantly call to take decisions, some of them are very simple ones, and we can take action with very limited thinking, but others could be much more complex and could require significant effort from our side, more time and processing to efficiently evaluate what will be the right decision.

Unfortunately very often we are affected by at least one of the following bad behaviour:

• We do not give us enough time to think.
• We see a possible fit on a though and we remain there not giving us the space to evolve.
• We do not process all the possible alternatives to/of the problem, and we do not develop more then one solution.
• We do not evolve our solution/action into a clear path of possible consequences.
• We often skip to take more information because the "time" issue (or others) and miss relevant part of the puzzle.
• We sometime forget what is relevant for us and how much this can impact on our judgment.
• We are emotionally involved and it affects the process and the decisions.
• We just do what our Boss is saying to do.
• Other recommendations influence us without applying analytical thinking.

Going through the above points, trying to clarify and to see what we can do to prevent them.

• Time, time is relevant and often we have to take some decision fast, but thinking require time, time to take information, time to analyze them, time for the reasoning. The process should not be compromise by our rush, because results will be affected and our decisions can be imprecise (if lucky) or completely wrong, not only it could happen to take a wrong decision, but when this happen because rush, we do not have a good reasoning to support and justify our mistake, in short there will not be a learning lesson, only the mistake.
• How often have we feel in love with our ideas, and not ready to divorce from them? Too often we must admit it, instead we should be able to go beyond and process all the possible options. We should keep our mind open and listen to other external suggestion but always applying analytical process.
• When I was a kid I learn that "each action include/imply a reaction". Before performing any action, before apply what we think is correct in our decision, we should carefully think "What will happen next?". We should analyze the actions, and have a good level of understanding of what will be the path of events that our actions will generate, and be ready for possible unexpected bad behaviour.
• In our job information about what is going on is everything. We should never stop to dig more, and get better understanding. Never consider the outcome of some tools/script enough for our analysis, taking their results as given without applying an analytical review. We should stop only when we are really confident that we cannot get more relevant information, and if possible we should ask to a trusted source to compare what we got, to see if we have miss anything.
• Sometime we forget that we have personal commitments, those could affect our judgment. For example, if we are fully focus on open source, it could become almost automatic for us to skip the evaluation of a non-open source solution. Or if we are Linux fundamentalist just to have to approach windows server, could drive us to have a not objective approach to the problem. Again we must keep our mind open and process the problem by analytical steps, not considering the preconceptions in our thinking, but be able to filter them out and have an objective mind process.
• How many times we have found that customer so annoying? His reiterate questions where lacking of any sense, and is not some time his behaviour to be so close to be offensive? On the other hand this other customer is really nice, he gives you a lot of credit, he has a good understanding of the effort you are doing to keep his environment in good shape. Can you honestly say that you have always gives to the two the same "time and attention"? This is a fact, it is in the human nature, to be more careful and nice comes easier with the ones that are nice with us. But this is not correct, we should always apply the same time/effort/reasoning independently to the customer behaviour. The reasoning is the point not our feeling. Understanding it and be able to mange it is a matter of be more or less professional.
• Do not follow the boss or others advice, direction blindly. We must listen carefully to anyone, we should evaluate what they have to say and objectively extract whatever is good from their suggestion or recommendation. But never accept it without our own thinking/reasoning; also it will be appropriate to share with them our process step by step, before getting to the conclusion. This will help us in learning from each other work, and will provide advantage to everyone also reducing the chance of mistakes.

Summarizing we should ask ourselves the following before, during and after having done our reasoning for a decision:

1. What make this decision necessary? What is the objective?
2. What I am going to recommend, and on what basis?
3. What other possible alternatives exists, which one is the more realistic feasible, which one the more innovative?
4. What are the possible consequence of my decision, and how likely they are going to happen?
5. If this consequence will happen what will be the relevance and how we can manage them?
6. Comparing different solution, which one will be the best to mitigate negative effect?
7. How I can transform my decision into an action reducing to minimum the risk of bad behaviour or mistakes?

Conclusion

In the above sections, I was just trying to report in a concise and easy way, what is part of a more complex topic. I am aware that most of us do the right thing, just doing it right, but I am also confident that reporting black on white those simple points could help us to avoid mistakes, and if possible to define process and checklists that other people less conscientious then us, can follow to make their work behaviour more trustable.

Reference

Ennis , R.H Critical thinking Prentice Hall 1996

Fisher A The logic of real arguments Cambridge University press 1988

Fisher A Critical Thinking – an Introduction Cambridge University press 2001

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or summary  for lazy guys on how to use it...

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I know that a lot has being written around Xtrabackup, and good documentation can be found on the Percona web site.

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CREATE USER 'backup'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'bckuser123';
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM 'backup'@'localhost';
GRANT RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'backup'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
 

root@mysqlt3:/home/mysql/backup/2012_12_21_1300/2012-12-21_14-32-02# ll
total 200088
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 ./
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:46 ../
-rw-r--r--  1 root root       263 Dec 21 14:32 backup-my.cnf
-rw-r-----  1 root root 104857600 Dec 21 14:32 ibdata1
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 mysql/
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 performance_schema/
drwx------  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 security/
drwx------  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 test/
drwx------  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 test_audit/
drwx------  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 timstaging/
drwx------  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 timtags/
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root      4096 Dec 21 14:41 world/
-rw-r--r--  1 root root        13 Dec 21 14:41 xtrabackup_binary
-rw-r--r--  1 root root        26 Dec 21 14:41 xtrabackup_binlog_info
-rw-r-----  1 root root        85 Dec 21 14:41 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----  1 root root  99912192 Dec 21 14:41 xtrabackup_logfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root root        53 Dec 21 14:41 xtrabackup_slave_info
backup-my.cnf <--------------- very essential version of the my.cnf with innodb information
ibdata1<---------------------- Main tablespace
mysql/ <----------------------
world/<----------------------- DBs ... with files copy in
xtrabackup_binary <----------- contains the name of the xtrabackup binary used
xtrabackup_binlog_info <------ Binary log information (name/position)
xtrabackup_checkpoints <------ Information regarding the LSN position and range
xtrabackup_logfile <---------- File containing the delta of the modifications
xtrabackup_slave_info <------- Slave information (if slave)
 

121221 15:57:04  InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
121221 15:57:05 Percona XtraDB (http://www.percona.com) 1.1.8-20.1 started; log sequence number 30312932364

InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 213145807, file name /home/mysql/instances/mtest1/binlog.000011
xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
121221 15:57:05  InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
121221 15:57:09  InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 30312932364
121221 15:57:09  innobackupex: completed OK!

innobackupex: Starting to copy InnoDB system tablespace
innobackupex: in '/home/mysql/backup/2012_12_21_1300/2012-12-21_14-32-02'
innobackupex: back to original InnoDB data directory '/home/mysql/instances/mtest1/data'
innobackupex: Copying '/home/mysql/backup/2012_12_21_1300/2012-12-21_14-32-02/ibdata1' to '/home/mysql/instances/mtest1/data/ibdata1'
innobackupex: Starting to copy InnoDB log files
innobackupex: in '/home/mysql/backup/2012_12_21_1300/2012-12-21_14-32-02'
innobackupex: back to original InnoDB log directory '/home/mysql/logs/mtest1/innodblog'
innobackupex: Finished copying back files.
121221 16:41:38  innobackupex: completed OK!

121221 16:44:08 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /home/mysql/instances/mtest1/data
121221 16:44:09 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
121221 16:44:09 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
121221 16:44:09 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation
121221 16:44:09 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
121221 16:44:09 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
121221 16:44:09 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 1.0G
121221 16:44:09 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
121221 16:44:09  InnoDB: Log file /home/mysql/logs/mtest1/innodblog/ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file /home/mysql/logs/mtest1/innodblog/ib_logfile0 size to 100 MB
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100
...
121221 16:44:15 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number in ibdata files does not match
InnoDB: the log sequence number in the ib_logfiles!
121221 16:44:15  InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Reading tablespace information from the .ibd files...
InnoDB: Restoring possible half-written data pages from the doublewrite
InnoDB: buffer...
InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 213145807, file name /home/mysql/instances/mtest1/binlog.000011
121221 16:44:17  InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
21221 16:44:18 InnoDB: 1.1.8 started; log sequence number 30312933388
121221 16:44:18 [Note] Server hostname (bind-address): '0.0.0.0'; port: 3310
121221 16:44:18 [Note]   - '0.0.0.0' resolves to '0.0.0.0';
121221 16:44:18 [Note] Server socket created on IP: '0.0.0.0'.
121221 16:44:18 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events
121221 16:44:18 [Note] /home/mysql/templates/mysql-55p/bin/mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '5.5.27-log'  socket: '/home/mysql/instances/mtest1/mysql.sock'  port: 3310  MySQL Community Server (GPL)

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+--------------+--------+--------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+
| TABLE_SCHEMA | ENGINE | TABLES | ROWS     | DATA (M) | INDEX (M) | TOTAL(M) |
+--------------+--------+--------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+
| test         | InnoDB |     51 |  9023205 |  5843.14 |   1314.62 |  7157.76 |
| test         | NULL   |     51 |  9023205 |  5843.14 |   1314.62 |  7157.76 |
| test_audit   | InnoDB |      9 |  1211381 |   658.54 |    230.54 |   889.09 |
| test_audit   | NULL   |      9 |  1211381 |   658.54 |    230.54 |   889.09 |
| NULL         | NULL   |     61 | 10234586 |  6501.68 |   1545.17 |  8046.86 |
+--------------+--------+--------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+

7 rows in set (6.92 sec)

#pigz --version
pigz 2.1.6

drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4.0K Dec 21 17:08 ./
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4.0K Dec 21 14:16 ../
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:31 2012-12-21_14-32-02/
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 737M Dec 21 17:18 full_mtest1.tar.gz <-------------

121221 17:09:52  innobackupex-1.5.1: Starting mysql with options:  --defaults-file='/home/mysql/instances/mtest1/my.cnf' --password=xxxxxxxx --user='backup' --unbuffered --
121221 17:18:29  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       269 Dec 21 17:10 backup-my.cnf
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 104857600 Dec 21 17:12 ibdata1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:40 mysql
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:39 performance_schema
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:39 security
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:39 test
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:39 test_audit
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:39 timstaging
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:39 timtags
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root      4096 Dec 21 17:39 world
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root        13 Dec 21 17:18 xtrabackup_binary
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root        26 Dec 21 17:18 xtrabackup_binlog_info
-rw-rw---- 1 root root        85 Dec 21 17:18 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 282056704 Dec 21 17:18 xtrabackup_logfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root        53 Dec 21 17:18 xtrabackup_slave_info

121221 17:52:17  InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
121221 17:52:21  InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 30595333132
121221 17:52:21  innobackupex: completed OK!
 

121221 18:04:48  innobackupex: completed OK!

121221 18:06:38 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /home/mysql/instances/mtestslave/data
121221 18:06:39 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
121221 18:06:39 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
121221 18:06:39 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation
121221 18:06:39 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
121221 18:06:39 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
121221 18:06:39 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 1.0G
121221 18:06:39 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
121221 18:06:39  InnoDB: Log file /home/mysql/logs/mtestslave/innodblog/ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file /home/mysql/logs/mtestslave/innodblog/ib_logfile0 size to 10 MB
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
121221 18:06:40 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number in ibdata files does not match
InnoDB: the log sequence number in the ib_logfiles!
121221 18:06:40  InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Reading tablespace information from the .ibd files...
InnoDB: Restoring possible half-written data pages from the doublewrite
InnoDB: buffer...
InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 150497896, file name /home/mysql/instances/mtest1/binlog.000001
121221 18:06:42  InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
121221 18:06:43 InnoDB: 1.1.8 started; log sequence number 30595333644
121221 18:06:43 [Note] Server hostname (bind-address): '0.0.0.0'; port: 3311
121221 18:06:43 [Note]   - '0.0.0.0' resolves to '0.0.0.0';
121221 18:06:43 [Note] Server socket created on IP: '0.0.0.0'.
121221 18:06:43 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events
121221 18:06:43 [Note] /home/mysql/templates/mysql-55p/bin/mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '5.5.27-log'  socket: '/home/mysql/instances/mtestslave/mysql.sock'  port: 3311  MySQL Community Server (GPL)
 

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root@localhost [(none)]> show schemas;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| security           |
| test               |
| test_audit         |
| world              |
+--------------------+
13 rows in set (0.04 sec)
root@localhost [(none)]> SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, ENGINE, COUNT(1) as 'TABLES', sum(TABLE_ROWS) as 'ROWS',
TRUNCATE(sum(DATA_LENGTH)/pow(1024,2),2) as 'DATA (M)',
TRUNCATE(sum(INDEX_LENGTH)/pow(1024,2),2) as 'INDEX (M)',
TRUNCATE((sum(DATA_LENGTH)+sum(INDEX_LENGTH))/pow(1024,2),2) AS 'TOTAL(M)'
FROM information_schema.tables       WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA <> 'information_schema'
AND TABLE_SCHEMA <> 'mysql'     AND TABLE_SCHEMA not like 'avail%'
AND TABLE_SCHEMA <> 'maatkit'            AND TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE'
GROUP BY TABLE_SCHEMA, ENGINE      WITH ROLLUP;
+--------------------+--------------------+--------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+
| TABLE_SCHEMA       | ENGINE             | TABLES | ROWS     | DATA (M) | INDEX (M) | TOTAL(M) |
+--------------------+--------------------+--------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+
| performance_schema | PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA |     17 |    23014 |     0.00 |      0.00 |     0.00 |
| performance_schema | NULL               |     17 |    23014 |     0.00 |      0.00 |     0.00 |
| security           | InnoDB             |      1 |  1454967 |   170.73 |     60.75 |   231.48 |
| security           | NULL               |      1 |  1454967 |   170.73 |     60.75 |   231.48 |
| test               | InnoDB             |     51 |  9298913 |  6058.39 |   1347.78 |  7406.17 |
| test               | NULL               |     51 |  9298913 |  6058.39 |   1347.78 |  7406.17 |
| test_audit         | InnoDB             |      9 |  1189343 |   685.56 |    236.56 |   922.12 |
| test_audit         | NULL               |      9 |  1189343 |   685.56 |    236.56 |   922.12 |
| world              | MyISAM             |      3 |     5302 |     0.35 |      0.06 |     0.42 |
| world              | NULL               |      3 |     5302 |     0.35 |      0.06 |     0.42 |
| NULL               | NULL               |    227 | 11971539 |  6916.70 |   1645.74 |  8562.44 |
+--------------------+--------------------+--------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+
 

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root@localhost [(none)]> SHOW slave STATUS\G
Empty SET (0.00 sec)
root@localhost [(none)]>

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cat xtrabackup_binlog_info
binlog.000001    150497896

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root@localhost [(none)]> SHOW slave STATUS\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State:
Master_Host: 192.168.0.3
Master_User: replica
Master_Port: 3310
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: binlog.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 150497896
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000001
Relay_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Master_Log_File: binlog.000001
Slave_IO_Running: No
Slave_SQL_Running: No
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 150497896
Relay_Log_Space: 107
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 0
1 row IN SET (0.00 sec)
root@localhost [(none)]>

Perfect start the slave:

slave start;

AND CHECK again:

root@localhost [(none)]> SHOW slave STATUS\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting FOR master TO send event
Master_Host: 192.168.0.3
Master_User: replica
Master_Port: 3310
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: binlog.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 206843593
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 22872
Relay_Master_Log_File: binlog.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 150520518
Relay_Log_Space: 56346103
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 30
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 3310
1 row IN SET (0.00 sec)

root@tusacentral03:/home/mysql/backup/2013-01-10_13-07-24# cat xtrabackup_checkpoints
backup_type = full-backuped
from_lsn = 0
to_lsn = 32473279827
last_lsn = 32473279827
Last LSN is 32473279827

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root@localhost [test]> SHOW processlist;
+-----+--------+---------------------------+------+---------+------+--------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Id  | User   | Host                      | db   | Command | Time | State  | Info                                                                                                 |
+-----+--------+---------------------------+------+---------+------+--------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  87 | root   | localhost                 | test | Query   |    0 | NULL   | SHOW processlist                                                                                     |
|  92 | stress | tusacentral01.LOCAL:37293 | test | Sleep   |    0 |        | NULL                                                                                                 |
|  94 | stress | tusacentral01.LOCAL:37296 | test | Query   |    0 | UPDATE | INSERT INTO tbtest30 (uuid,a,b,c,counter,partitionid,strrecordtype) VALUES(UUID(),731188002,"hd rsg  |
|  95 | root   | localhost:37295           | test | Query   |    0 | update | INSERT INTO test_audit.tbtest4 values(NEW.autoInc,NEW.a,NEW.uuid,NEW.b,NEW.c,NEW.counter,NEW.time,NE |
|  96 | stress | tusacentral01.local:37298 | test | Query   |    0 | NULL   | COMMIT                                                                                               |
|  97 | root   | localhost:37299           | test | Query   |    0 | update | INSERT INTO test_audit.tbtest4 values(NEW.autoInc,NEW.a,NEW.uuid,NEW.b,NEW.c,NEW.counter,NEW.time,NE |
|  98 | stress | tusacentral01.local:37300 | test | Query   |    0 | update | insert INTO tbtest15 (uuid,a,b,c,counter,partitionid,strrecordtype) VALUES(UUID(),598854171,"usfcrgl |
|  99 | root   | localhost:37301           | test | Query   |    0 | UPDATE | INSERT INTO test_audit.tbtest4 VALUES(NEW.autoInc,NEW.a,NEW.uuid,NEW.b,NEW.c,NEW.counter,NEW.time,NE |
| 100 | stress | tusacentral01.LOCAL:37302 | test | Query   |    0 | UPDATE | INSERT INTO tbtest15 (uuid,a,b,c,counter,partitionid,strrecordtype) VALUES(UUID(),22723485,"vno ehhr |
| 101 | stress | tusacentral01.local:37303 | test | Query   |    0 | update | insert INTO tbtest1 (uuid,a,b,c,counter,partitionid,strrecordtype) VALUES(UUID(),991063177,"nqdcogeu |
| 102 | stress | tusacentral01.LOCAL:37304 | test | Query   |    0 | UPDATE | INSERT INTO tbtest1 (uuid,a,b,c,counter,partitionid,strrecordtype) VALUES(UUID(),86481207,"sdfabnogn |
| 103 | stress | tusacentral01.local:37305 | test | Query   |    0 | NULL   | COMMIT                                                                                               |
+-----+--------+---------------------------+------+---------+------+--------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

total 20
drwxr-xr-x  5 root  root  4096 Jan 10 13:30 ./
drwxr-xr-x 18 mysql mysql 4096 Dec 28 12:16 ../
drwxr-xr-x 15 root  root  4096 Jan 10 13:17 2013-01-10_13-07-24/
drwxr-xr-x 15 root  root  4096 Jan 10 13:34 2013-01-10_13-30-43/ <-------- the last one is the Incremental
 

root@tusacentral03:/home/mysql/backup/2013-01-10_13-30-43# du -sh *
4.0K    backup-my.cnf
4.5M    ibdata1.delta
4.0K    ibdata1.meta
1.5M    mysql
212K    performance_schema
18M        security <---------------------------------
1.2G    test <---------------------------------
173M    test_audit <---------------------------
488K    world
4.0K    xtrabackup_binary
4.0K    xtrabackup_binlog_info
4.0K    xtrabackup_checkpoints
4.0K    xtrabackup_logfile
4.0K    xtrabackup_slave_info
 

root@tusacentral03:/home/mysql/backup/2013-01-10_13-30-43/test# cat tbtest1.ibd.meta
page_size = 16384
zip_size = 0
space_id = 1983

root@tusacentral03:/home/mysql/backup/2013-01-10_13-30-43# cat xtrabackup_checkpoints
backup_type = incremental
from_lsn = 32473279827 <------------ starting point
to_lsn = 33215076229   <------------ End point
last_lsn = 33215076229

root@tusacentral03:/opt/percona-xtrabackup-2.0.4/bin# /opt/percona-xtrabackup-2.0.4/bin/innobackupex-1.5.1 --incremental \
--incremental-basedir=/home/mysql/backup/2013-01-10_13-30-43/ \
--defaults-file=/home/mysql/instances/mtest1/my.cnf  \
--slave-info --user=backup --password=bckuser123   /home/mysql/backup/

drwxr-xr-x 15 root  root  4096 Jan 10 13:17 2013-01-10_13-07-24/
drwxr-xr-x 15 root  root  4096 Jan 10 13:34 2013-01-10_13-30-43/ <--------- First incremental
drwxr-xr-x 15 root  root  4096 Jan 10 14:02 2013-01-10_13-57-04/ <--------- Second incremental

root@tusacentral03:/home/mysql/restore/2013-01-10_13-07-24# cat xtrabackup_binlog_info
binlog.000005    275195253     <------------ Original from Base
root@tusacentral03:/home/mysql/restore/2013-01-10_13-07-24# cat ../../backup/2013-01-10_13-07-24/xtrabackup_binlog_info
binlog.000003    322056528     <------------ Up to date from incremental
 

[root@tusacentral07 data]# scp -R This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..0.3:/home/mysql/restore/2013-01-10_13-07-24/*  .
[root@tusacentral07 data]# sudo chown -R mysql:mysql .
 

grep last_lsn xtrabackup_checkpoints|awk -F' = ' '{print $2}'
34925032837

/opt/percona-xtrabackup-2.0.4/bin/innobackupex-1.5.1 --incremental \
--incremental-lsn=34925032837 \
--defaults-file=/home/mysql/instances/mtest1/my.cnf \
--slave-info --user=backup --password=bckuser123 \
--extra-lsndir=/home/mysql/backup/ \
--stream=xbstream 
--parallel=4 ./ |pigz -p4 - > /home/mysql/backup/incremental_2013_01_11_11_35.gz

root@tusacentral03:/home/mysql/backup# ll
total 631952
drwxr-xr-x  3 root  root       4096 Jan 11 11:36 ./
drwxr-xr-x 19 mysql mysql      4096 Jan 10 15:01 ../
drwxr-xr-x 15 root  root       4096 Jan 10 17:27 full_2013_01_10_18_54.gz
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root  360874358 Jan 11 11:25 incremental_2013_01_10_19_05.gz
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root  286216063 Jan 11 11:41 incremental_2013_01_11_11_35.gz
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root         93 Jan 11 11:41 xtrabackup_checkpoints
 

[] Check binary version

[] Check binaries are accessible in the PATH and accessible

[] Assign correct user/password in MySQL for backup user

[] Create or check backup data destination folder

[] Check my.cnf for datadir and be sure is pointing in the right place

[] Execute backup

[] Apply logs

Simple restore

[] be sure mysql server is down

[] remove / move data from original directory

[] remove / move ib_logs from original directory

[] run innobackupex --copy-back

[] check file permissions for mysql

[] start mysql

[] check the mysql log for error

[] log in and check for data.

Backup with Stream and compression

[] Check binary version

[] Check binaries are accessible in the PATH and accessible

[] Assign correct user/password in MySQL for backup user

[] Create or check backup data destination folder

[] Check my.cnf for datadir and be sure is pointing in the right place

[] Check for Pigz presence and version

[] Execute backup

Restore from Stream on a different machines (slave)

[] be sure mysql server is down

[] remove / move data from original directory

[] remove / move ib_logs from original directory

[] copy over the compress file

[] expand the backup in a safe directory

[] run innobackupex --copy-back

[] check file permissions for mysql

[] check that server WILL NOT restart the slave process on start

[] start mysql

[] check the mysql log for error

[] log in and check for data.

[] take the master log position

[] check for slave process information

[] apply new binary log position

[] restart slave

[] check slave status

Incremental Backup with Stream and compression

[] Check binary version

[] Check binaries are accessible in the PATH and accessible

[] Assign correct user/password in MySQL for backup user

[] Create or check backup data destination folder

[] Check my.cnf for datadir and be sure is pointing in the right place

[] Check for Pigz presence and version

[] Check for LSN file postion in xtrabackup_checkpoints

[] Assign the LSN to the "incremental-lsn" parameter

[] Be sure that the --extra-lsndir parametr is present and pointing to an existing directory

[] Execute backup

Incremental Restore from Stream on a different machines or slave

[] be sure mysql server is down

[] remove / move data from original directory

[] remove / move ib_logs from original directory

[] copy over the compress files

[] validate the chronological order from the BASE to the last increment

{loop for each file set}

[] expand the backup in a safe directory one a time

[] be sure that you apply log with "--apply-log --redo-only" parameters every time

[] be sure you always have the correct destination directory set (BASE set)

[] remove the incremental once apply

{loop end}

[] run innobackupex --apply-log on the BASE set

[] remove IB_log files

[] copy files to destination directory

[] check file permissions for mysql

[] check that server WILL NOT restart the slave process on start

[] start mysql

[] check the mysql log for error

[] log in and check for data.

[] take the master log position

[] check for slave process information

[] apply new binary log position

[] restart slave

[] check slave status

{joscommentenable}