No orange pants this year

Well here we go another MySQL conference / Percona Live.

Another huge and important event/milestone for the MySQL community.

But this time I will not be there.

First time in many years I had to decline, drop my speech and say... "No I am so sorry, this time I cannot come".

marco

Was not an easy choice, not only because I am always excited to meet old colleagues, but also because PLSC is a great moment for brainstorming and to identify what could be good to push-on or to investigate better.

Especially this year where we have so many different interesting topics and so many different technologies as well.

And of course the MySQL 8 GA will make a huge wave, but that was expected. To be honest what I am more interested to see is... what the real adoption of it will means. In Percona, we are working to be able to have it's adoption to happen as smoother as possible.

So I will really miss to be there, my hope is to be able to see the videos and get at least the presentations slides, to review the contents offline... but I will miss all the interactions and Q/A.

Anyhow I went through the schedule, and this is the list of speeches I would like to go listen and raise questions, knowing me ... not fix in the stone at all but you know is a start:

day 1

Make Your Database Dream of Electric Sheep: Designing for Autonomous Operation

MySQL at Twitter: No More Forkin' - Migrating to MySQL Community version

Containerizing Databases at New Relic: What We Learned

Tuning PostgreSQL for High-Write Workloads

Consistent Reads Using ProxySQL and GTID

Benchmark Noise Reduction: How to Configure Your Machines for Stable Results

Cassandra on RocksDB

ClickHouse in Real Life: Case Studies and Best Practices

day 2

Migrating to Vitess at (Slack) Scale

Stateful applications on Mesosphere DC/OS

Aurora PostgreSQL Deep Dive

Data Management in Kubernetes Using Kanister

A Seat At the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Table for NoSQL Database Technologies

I wish to all of you to enjoy the conference, remember ask ask ask, the more you will interact with the speaker during the sessions, the better the presentation will be for all.

Hope to see you all in PL Europe in Germany and in PL 2019

Have fun!!! And learn!

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Leveraging ProxySQL with AWS Aurora to Improve Performance

Or How ProxySQL Out-performs Native Aurora Cluster Endpoints

In this blog post, I'll look at how you can use ProxySQL with AWS Aurora to further leverage database performance. My previous article described how easy is to replace the native Aurora connector with ProxySQL. In this article, you will see WHY you should do that. It is important to understand that aside from the basic optimization in the connectivity and connection management, ProxySQL also provides you with a new set of features that currently are not available in Aurora. Just think:

Better caching
Query filtering
Sharding
Query substitution
Firewalling
... and more

We will cover areas like scalability, security and performance. In short, I think is more than worth it to spend some time and give ProxySQL with AWS Aurora a try.

The tests

I will show you the results from two different kinds of tests. One is sysbench-oriented, the other simulates a more complex application using Java, data object utilization and a Hikari connection pool in the middle as well. For the EC2 and Aurora platform I used:

Application/ProxySQL T2.xlarge eu-central-1a
2 Aurora MySQL 5.7.12 db.t2.medium eu-central-1a
1 Aurora MySQL 5.7.12 db.t2.medium eu-central-1b for AZ redundancy

The code for the application is available here, and for sysbench tests here. All the data and configurations for the application are available here. I ran three tests using both bench apps, obviously with Aurora as it comes and with ProxySQL. For the ProxySQL configuration see my previous article. The tests were read_only / Write_only / read_write. For Aurora, I only increased the number of connections and kept the how it comes out of the box approach. Note each test was run at least three times at different moments of the day, and on a different day. The data reported as final is the BEST performing result for each one.

The Results

For the impatient among us, here is a summary table of the tests: Sysbench:
summary_sysbench

Java App:
summary_for_java_app

Now if this is enough for you, you can go to the conclusion and start to use ProxySQL with AWS Aurora. If you would like to know a bit more, continue reading. Aside from any discussion on the benchmark tool and settings, I really focused on identifying the differences between the two “connectors”. Given the layer below was exactly the same, any difference is due to the simple substitution of the endpoint.

Sysbench

Read Only

The first image reports the number of events achieved at the time of the test. It is quite clear that when using ProxySQL, sysbench ran more events.
In this graph, higher is better:
read_events
In this graph, lower is better:

reads_latency

As we can see, the latency when using an Aurora cluster entry point is higher. True, we are talking about milliseconds, but it is not just the value that matters, but also the distribution:

Aurora cluster endpoint	ProxySQL

An image is worth a thousand words! We can see, the behavior stays constant in analyzing the READS executed, with ProxySQL performing better.

In this graph, higher is better:
reads_reads

In this graph, higher is better:
reads_sysb_queries

Closing with the number of total queries performed, in which ProxySQL surpassed the Cluster endpoint by ~ 4K queries.

Write Only

For writing, things go a bit different. We see that all lines intersect, and the values are very close one to the other.

I will let the images speak for themselves:

In this graph, higher is better:

write_events_sysb

In this graph, lower is better:
write_latency_sysb

Latency spiked in each ProxySQL test, and it may require additional investigation and tuning.

In this graph, higher is better:
write_write_sysb

While the rates of writes/sec intersect with each other frequently, in the end ProxySQL resulted in more writes than the native endpoint.

In this graph, higher is better:
write_sysb_queries

In the end, a difference exists and is consistent across the different test iterations, but is minimal. We are talking a range of 25 - 50 entries in total.

This result is not surprising, and it will be clear why later in the article.

Read and Write

As expected in the read and write test, we see a different situation.

ProxySQL is still performing better than the default entry point, but not by such a big margin as in read-only tests.

In this graph, higher is better:
rw_events_sysb

In this graph, lower is better
rw_latency_sysb

Latency and events are following the expected trend, where read operations are executed more efficiently with ProxySQL and writes are close, but NOT the same as in the write only test. rw_queies_sysb

As a result, the number of queries in ProxySQL is approximately 13% better than the default entry point.

Java Application Tests

What about the Java application? First of all, we need to remember that the application used a connection pool mechanism (Hikari), and the connection pool was present in all cases (for both Aurora cluster endpoint or ProxySQL). Given that a small delay in establishing the first connection was expected, you can easily see this in the MAX value of the connection latency. In this graph, lower is better.
app_con_latency_summary

The connection latency reported here is expressed in nanoseconds and is the measure of the time taken by the connection provider to return an active connection to the application from the moment the application requested it. In other words, how long the HikariCP is taking to choose/check/return an open connection. As you can see, the MAX value is drastically higher, and this was expected since it is the connection initialization. While not really interesting in terms of performance, this value is interesting because it gives us the dimension of the cost in the CP to open a new connection, which in the worse case is 25 milliseconds. As the graphs show, ProxySQL manages both cases (first call, reassignment) more efficiently.
In this graph, higher is better.
app_crud_summary

In the CRUD summary table, we can see the number of SQL commands executed per second for each CRUD action and for each test. Once more we can see that when using ProxySQL, the application performed much better and significantly executed more operations (especially in the R/W test).

In this graph, higher is better.
app_evnts_summary

This graph represents the total number of events run at the time of the test. An event is a full application cycle, which sees the application generate the data needed to fill the SQL (no matter if it is for read/write), create the SQL, request the connection, push the SQL, get and read the resultset returned and give back the connection. Once more, ProxySQL shows better performance.
In this graph, lower is better.

app_exectime_summary

The execution time reported in this graph is the time taken by the application to run a whole event. This is it, execution time is the time of a full cycle. The faster the cycle is executed, the better the application is performing. The time is express in milliseconds and it goes from a very fast read, which probably accesses the cache in Aurora, to almost two seconds taken to insert a batch of rows. Needless to say, the tests using ProxySQL performed better.

But Why?

Why do the tests using ProxySQL perform better? After all, it is just an additional step in the middle, which also has a cost in intercepting the queries and managing the connections.

So why the better performance? The answer is simple and can be found in the Aurora manual: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Aurora.Overview.html#Aurora.Overview.Endpoints.
The Cluster endpoint is an endpoint for an Aurora DB cluster that connects to the current primary instance for that DB cluster. Each Aurora DB cluster has a cluster endpoint and one primary instance.

That endpoint receives the read and write request and sends them to the same instance.The main use for it is to perform failover if needed. At the same time, the Reader endpoint is an endpoint for an Aurora DB cluster that connects to one of the available Aurora Replicas for that DB cluster.

Each Aurora DB cluster has a reader endpoint. If there is more than one Aurora Replica, the reader endpoint directs each connection request to one of the Aurora Replicas. The reader endpoint only load balances connections to available Aurora Replicas in an Aurora DB cluster. It does not load balance specific queries.

If you want to load balance queries to distribute the read workload for a DB cluster, you need to manage that in your application and use instance endpoints to connect directly to Aurora Replicas to balance the load.
This means that to perform a Read/Write split, your application must manage two entry points and you will NOT have much control over how the queries are handled or to which replica instance they are directed.

This could lead to unexpected results and delays. Needless to say, ProxySQL does all that by default (as described in my previous article). Now that we've clarified how Aurora entry points behave, let's see about the performance difference.

cross-server-graphs

How do we read this graph? From left to right:

read_only test with an Aurora cluster endpoint
read_only test with ProxySQL
write_only with an Aurora cluster endpoint
write_only with ProxySQL
read and write with an Aurora cluster endpoint
read and write with ProxySQL

Here we go! As we can see, the tests with ProxySQL used the two configured instances, splitting R/W without the need to do anything on the application side. I purposely avoided the AZ replica because I previously identified it as having higher latency, so I can exclude it and use it ONLY in the case of an emergency.

The effects are clear in the next graph.
cpu_utilization

When using the cluster endpoint, given all the load was on a single instance, the CPU utilization is higher and that became a bottleneck. When using ProxySQL, the load is spread across the different instances, allowing real read scalability. This has immediate benefits in read and read/write operations, allowing better load distribution that results in better performance.

Conclusions

Aurora is a very interesting technology and can be a very good solution for read scaling.
But at the moment, the way AWS offers data connectivity with the Cluster endpoints and Reader endpoints can negatively affect performance.

The lack of configuration and the limitation of using different endpoints lead to confusion and less optimized utilization.

The introduction of ProxySQL, which now supports (from version 2) Aurora, allows an architect, SA or DBA to properly configure the environment. You can very granularly choose how to use each instance, without the need to have the application modify how it works. This helps keep the data layer solution separate from the application layer. Even better, this additional set of flexibility does not come with a cost.

On the contrary, it improves resource utilization and brings higher performance using less powerful instances. Given the cost of Aurora, this is not a secondary benefit.

I suggest you try installing ProxySQL v2 (or higher) in front of your Aurora cluster. If you don't feel confident and prefer to have us help you, contact us and we will be more than happy to support you!

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How to Implement ProxySQL with AWS Aurora

In this post, we'll look at how to implement ProxySQL with AWS Aurora. Recently, there have been a few discussions and customer requests that focused on AWS Aurora and how to make the various architectures and solutions more flexible. Flexible how, you may ask? Well, there are the usual expectations:

How do you improve resource utilization?
How I can filter (or block) things?
Can I shard with Aurora?
What is the best way to implement query caching?
… and more.

The inclusion of ProxySQL solves many of the points above. We in Consulting design the solutions for our customers by applying the different functionalities to better match customers needs. Whenever we deal with Aurora, we've had to exclude ProxySQL because of some limitations in the software. Now however, ProxySQL 2.0 supports Aurora, and it does it amazingly. This article will show you how to implement ProxySQL with AWS Aurora. The the next article Leveraging AWS Aurora performance will show you WHY.

The Problem

ProxySQL has two different ways to deal with backend servers. One is using replication mechanisms, like standard Async replication and Group Replication. The other is to use the scheduler, as in the case of Percona XtraDB Cluster, MariaDB Cluster, etc. While we can use the scheduler as a solution for Aurora, it is not as immediate and well-integrated as the embedded support for replication, given that we normally opted not to use it in this specific case (Aurora). But what WAS the problem with Aurora? An Aurora cluster bases its definition of Writer vs. Readers using the innodb_read_only variable. So, where is the problem? Well actually no problem at all, just that ProxySQL up to version 2 for replication only supported the generic variable READ_ONLY. As such, it was not able to correctly identify the Writer/Readers set.

The Solution

In October 2017, this issue was opened (https://github.com/sysown/proxysql/issues/1195 )and the result was, as usual, a quite simple and flexible solution.

“Brainstorming, a possible solution could be to add another column in mysql_replication_hostgroups to specify what needs to be checked, either read_only or innodb_read_only, or even super_read_only”

This lead to the ProxySQL team delivering (“commit fe2f16d6df15252f0107a6a224dad7b1efdb13f6”):

Added support for innodb_read_only and super_read_only

MYHGM_MYSQL_REPLICATION_HOSTGROUPS "CREATE TABLE mysql_replication_hostgroups 
(writer_hostgroup INT CHECK (writer_hostgroup>=0) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , 
reader_hostgroup INT NOT NULL CHECK (reader_hostgroup<>writer_hostgroup AND reader_hostgroup>=0) , 
check_type VARCHAR CHECK (LOWER(check_type) IN ('read_only','innodb_read_only','super_read_only')) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'read_only' , 
comment VARCHAR NOT NULL DEFAULT '' , UNIQUE (reader_hostgroup))"

Which in short means they added a new column to the mysql_replication_hostgroup table. ProxySQL continues to behave exactly the same and manages the servers and the replication groups as usual. No need for scripts or other crazy stuff.

Implementation

Here we are, the HOW TO part. The first thing to keep in mind is that when you implement a new Aurora cluster, you should always consider having at least two instances in the same AZ and another instance in a remote AZ. To implement ProxySQL, you should refer directly to

the instances, NOT to the cluster entry-point. To be clear, you must take this for each instance:

The information is available in the web-admin interface, under the instance or using the command:

aws rds describe-db-instances

And filter the result for:

"Endpoint": {
                "Port": 3306,
                "Address": "proxysqltestdb.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com"
            },

To run ProxySQL with RDS in general, you need to install it on an intermediate server or on the application box. Once you decide which one fits your setup better, you must download or git clone ProxySQL v2.0+. DO NOT use v1.4.x, as it does not contain these new features and will not work as expected. Once you have all the Aurora instances up, it is time to configure ProxySQL.

Below is an example of all the commands used during the installation:


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GRANT usage, replication client ON *.* TO monitor@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'monitor';
 
DELETE FROM mysql_servers WHERE hostgroup_id IN (70,71);
DELETE FROM mysql_replication_hostgroups WHERE writer_hostgroup=70;
INSERT INTO mysql_servers (hostname,hostgroup_id,port,weight,max_connections) VALUES ('proxysqltestdb.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com',70,3306,1000,2000);
INSERT INTO mysql_servers (hostname,hostgroup_id,port,weight,max_connections) VALUES ('proxysqltestdb.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com',71,3306,1000,2000);
INSERT INTO mysql_servers (hostname,hostgroup_id,port,weight,max_connections) VALUES ('proxysqltestdb2.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com',71,3306,1000,2000);
INSERT INTO mysql_servers (hostname,hostgroup_id,port,weight,max_connections) VALUES ('proxysqltestdb-eu-central-1b.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com',71,3306,1,2000);
 
INSERT INTO mysql_replication_hostgroups(writer_hostgroup,reader_hostgroup,comment,check_type) VALUES (70,71,'aws-aurora','innodb_read_only');
LOAD MYSQL SERVERS TO RUNTIME; SAVE MYSQL SERVERS TO DISK;
 
DELETE FROM mysql_query_rules WHERE rule_id IN (50,51,52);
INSERT INTO mysql_query_rules (rule_id,proxy_port,username,destination_hostgroup,active,retries,match_digest,apply) VALUES(50,6033,'m8_test',70,0,3,'.',1);
INSERT INTO mysql_query_rules (rule_id,proxy_port,username,destination_hostgroup,active,retries,match_digest,apply) VALUES(51,6033,'m8_test',70,1,3,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE',1);
INSERT INTO mysql_query_rules (rule_id,proxy_port,username,destination_hostgroup,active,retries,match_digest,apply) VALUES(52,6033,'m8_test',71,1,3,'^SELECT.*$',1);
LOAD MYSQL QUERY RULES TO RUNTIME;SAVE MYSQL QUERY RULES TO DISK;
 
DELETE FROM mysql_users WHERE username='m8_test';
INSERT INTO mysql_users (username,password,active,default_hostgroup,default_schema,transaction_persistent) VALUES ('m8_test','test',1,70,'mysql',1);
LOAD MYSQL USERS TO RUNTIME;SAVE MYSQL USERS TO DISK;
 
UPDATE global_variables SET variable_value="67108864" WHERE variable_name='mysql-max_allowed_packet';
UPDATE global_variables SET Variable_Value=0  WHERE Variable_name='mysql-hostgroup_manager_verbose'; 
LOAD mysql VARIABLES TO run;save mysql VARIABLES TO disk;

The above will give you a ready-to-go ProxySQL setup that supports Aurora cluster, performing all the usual operations ProxySQL does, including proper W/R split and more for a user named 'm8_test'. The key is in passing the value 'innodb_read_only' for the column check_type in the table mysql_replication_hostgroups. To check the status of your ProxySQL, you can use this command (which gives you a snapshot of what is going to happen):


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 watch -n 1 'mysql --defaults-file=~/.my.cnf -h 127.0.0.1 -P 6032 -t -e "select b.weight, c.* from stats_mysql_connection_pool c left JOIN runtime_mysql_servers b ON  c.hostgroup=b.hostgroup_id and c.srv_host=b.hostname and c.srv_port = b.port where hostgroup in( 50,52,70,71) order by hostgroup,srv_host desc;" -e " select srv_host,command,avg(time_ms), count(ThreadID) from stats_mysql_processlist group by srv_host,command;" -e "select * from stats_mysql_users;";mysql  --defaults-file=~/.my.cnf -h 127.0.0.1 -P 6032  -t -e "select * from stats_mysql_global "|egrep -i  "(mirror|memory|stmt|processor)"' 
+--------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+--------+----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------+---------+-------------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
| weight | hostgroup | srv_host                                                                 | srv_port | STATUS | ConnUsed | ConnFree | ConnOK | ConnERR | MaxConnUsed | Queries | Queries_GTID_sync | Bytes_data_sent | Bytes_data_recv | Latency_us |
+--------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+--------+----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------+---------+-------------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1000   | 70        | proxysqltestdb.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com               | 3306     | ONLINE | 0        | 0        | 0         | 0       | 0           | 0       | 0                 | 0               | 0               | 5491       |
| 1000   | 71        | proxysqltestdb2.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com              | 3306     | ONLINE | 0        | 5        | 5         | 0       | 5           | 73      | 0                 | 5483            | 28442           | 881        | 
| 1000   | 71        | proxysqltestdb.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com               | 3306     | ONLINE | 0        | 5        | 5         | 0       | 5           | 82      | 0                 | 6203            | 32217           | 5491       | 
| 1     | 71        | proxysqltestdb-eu-central-1b.c7wzm8xxmrze.eu-central-1.rds.amazonaws.com | 3306     | ONLINE | 0        | 0        | 0         | 0       | 0           | 0       | 0                 | 0               | 0               | 1593       |
+--------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+--------+----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------+---------+-------------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
+----------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| username | frontend_connections | frontend_max_connections |
+----------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| m8_test  | 0                    | 10000                    |
+----------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Query_Processor_time_nsec    | 0              |
| Com_backend_stmt_prepare     | 0              |
| Com_backend_stmt_execute     | 0              |
| Com_backend_stmt_close       | 0              |
| Com_frontend_stmt_prepare    | 0              |
| Com_frontend_stmt_execute    | 0              |
| Com_frontend_stmt_close      | 0              |
| Mirror_concurrency           | 0              |
| Mirror_queue_length          | 0              |
| SQLite3_memory_bytes         | 2652288        |
| ConnPool_memory_bytes        | 712720         |
| Stmt_Client_Active_Total     | 0              |
| Stmt_Client_Active_Unique    | 0              |
| Stmt_Server_Active_Total     | 0              |
| Stmt_Server_Active_Unique    | 0              |
| Stmt_Max_Stmt_id             | 1              |
| Stmt_Cached                  | 0              |
| Query_Cache_Memory_bytes     | 0              |

At this point, you can connect your application and see how ProxySQL allows you to perform much better than the native cluster entry point. This will be expanded in the next article: Leverage AWS Aurora performance.

Conclusions

I had my first issue with the native Aurora connector a long time ago, but I had nothing to replace it. ProxySQL is a very good alternative to standard cluster access, with more options/controls and it also allows us to perform close-to-application caching, which is much more efficient than the remote MySQL one (http://www.proxysql.com/blog/scaling-with-proxysql-query-cache). In the next article I will illustrate how, in a simple setup, ProxySQL can help in achieving better results than using the default Aurora cluster endpoint.

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No orange pants this year

Leveraging ProxySQL with AWS Aurora to Improve Performance

Or How ProxySQL Out-performs Native Aurora Cluster Endpoints

The tests

The Results

Sysbench

Read Only

Write Only

Read and Write

Java Application Tests

But Why?

Conclusions

How to Implement ProxySQL with AWS Aurora

The Problem

The Solution

Implementation

Conclusions

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